Negative assertions in tests are problematic.

Positive assertions like page.should have_content("Welcome") simply pass as long as that content is present, and fail if it is removed.

But negative assertions like page.should_not have_selector(".widget") or Notifier.should_not_receive(:invoice_overdue) may pass because your code works as intended – or because you renamed widget to thingy and forgot to update the test.

Negative assertions are (hopefully) meaningful when you write them, but after that, there are no guarantees they'll stay that way.

So what can you do about it?

Balance with a DRY opposite

You can make negative assertions a lot more reliable by also making the opposite assertion (when the thing should happen) and making sure to share the common reference:

describe "Home page" do
  it "sometimes has a widget" do
    page.should have_widget
  end

  it "sometimes doesn't have a widget" do
    page.should_not have_widget
  end

  def have_widget
    have_selector(".widget")
  end
end

This way, if you rename widget, your positive assertion will fail. When you make the positive assertion pass again, the negative assertion will automatically stay relevant.

The common reference could be a method call like have_selector(…) above, or just a shared selector like ".widget", or a string of copy:

page.should have_content(warning_message)

page.should_not have_content(warning_message)

def warning_message
  "Don't!"
end

The commonalities could be shared by way of a method, like we just did (def have_widget), or it could be an RSpec let statement, or a constant.

Adjacent helper methods

Sometimes, making the common code DRY makes the test hard to read. Adjacent helper methods may be good enough:

describe "Invoicing" do
  it "sometimes invoices" do
    invoice = create_invoice
    expect_to_notify_about_invoice(invoice)
    Invoicing.do_it
  end

  it "sometimes doesn't invoice" do
    invoice = create_invoice
    expect_not_to_notify_about_invoice(invoice)
    Invoicing.do_it
  end

  def expect_to_notify_about_invoice(invoice)
    Notifier.should_receive(:invoice_overdue).with(invoice)
  end

  def expect_not_to_notify_about_invoice(invoice)
    Notifier.should_not_receive(:invoice_overdue).with(invoice)
  end
end

Because the positive and negative assertions are adjacent, and the notifier class and message are only in those two places, the negative assertion is far less likely to become irrelevant.

They could be made completely DRY, sharing the Notifier class name and :invoice_overdue message name, but the above may be enough. And if it's not, the helper methods will at least make them more readable:

def expect_to_notify_about_invoice(invoice)
  notifier.should_receive(message).with(invoice)
end

def expect_not_to_notify_about_invoice(invoice)
  notifier.should_not_receive(message).with(invoice)
end

def notifier
  Notifier
end

def message
  :invoice_overdue
end

Aside from making negative assertions more reliable, helper methods like these have the additional benefit of making the tests read better, because they tell the story at a higher level of abstraction.